Understanding electric vehicle fires: A comprehensive guide

How often do EV batteries catch fire?

EV battery fires are far less common than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle fires. 

According to EV FireSafe, which is funded by the Australian Department of Defence to research EV battery fires, it has (as of June 2024) positively identified 511 high voltage battery fires worldwide, out of an estimated 40 million BEVs on the road according to the IEA’s Global EV Outlook 2024 – just 0.0013 per cent of the global BEV fleet.  

How many EV fires have there been in Australia? 

There have been just six EV battery fires in Australia out of more than 180,000 EVs on the road, according to EV FireSafe. 

In its submission to a federal government enquiry on electric and hybrid vehicle battery fire risk, it noted that none of these were spontaneous, related to charging, or caused explosions. 

Three incidents where EV batteries caught fire were caused by an external fire (unrelated to the vehicle), one was related to an arson incident, one by a road collision and one by road debris. 

Fire and Rescue NSW said in a report issued in March 2024 that just three of the 456 lithium-ion battery fires it attended in 2022-2023 involved electric vehicles.

One involved an MG from which the battery had been removed and not disposed of correctly, one involved a Tesla Model 3 hitting road debris on a highway and one involved a battery from an Audi RS e-Tron that had been removed in a workshop. The report also listed four hybrid battery fire incidents but did not outline the causes.

The three top culprits were instead e-mobility devices like e-bikes and e-scooters (90), battery chargers (46), and energy storage batteries (37).  

A study conducted by Western Sydney University in July 2023 titled Fire Incidents, Trends, and Risk Mitigation Framework of Electrical Vehicle Cars in Australia discovered that if EV uptake in Australia follows the projected trend of reaching 1.7 million by 2030, there will likely be 9 to 10 EV fire incidents in Australia in that year.  

How EV battery fire risks differ 

To reduce fire and other safety risks, all vehicles that are sold in Australia must adhere to strict ADR regulations, which include rules for vehicles with electric powertrains (Australian Design Rule 109/00). The same regulations do not apply to other devices powered by lithium-ion batteries. 

Protective measures in electric vehicles include the use of a cooling shroud filled with coolant liquid to prevent external damage or short circuit. Batteries are also installed in a way that avoids widespread damage, employing thick metal casings to reduce chances of damage and locating batteries centrally in vehicles away from likely impact zones to minimise risk of damage.  

Nine out of ten of EVs on sale in Australia carry ANCAP five-star ratings, and vehicle and battery manufacturers are continuously working to enhance the safety of EV batteries.  

For example, the cost-effective lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery technology used by carmakers such as Tesla, BYD, MG, GWM, Volvo, Ford, and Volkswagen, offer broader temperature tolerance than cobalt-based chemistries, thereby reducing the risk of fires.  

 

What causes EV batteries to catch fire?  

Lithium-ion battery fires start with thermal runaway. This is a self-sustaining chemical reaction within the battery that can spark a fire.  

This happens if there is damage to the battery, and the ensuing chemical reaction causes a cell to become overheated. It can't cool down, causing a chain reaction that heats up neighbouring cells. The state of charge (SoC) plays a prominent role; a battery below 50% SoC is less liable to experience thermal runaway.  

According to the EV battery fire incidents analysed by EV FireSafe, the leading causes globally of thermal runaway leading to EV battery fires are collisions and road debris impact (22.5% as of April 2024), defects in manufacturing (9.7%), submersion in water (5.6%), and arson or external fires (6.9%). 



The cause of half of the EV battery fires identified by EV FireSafe in its data are as yet unknown. According to EV FireSafe’s co-founder Emma Sutcliffe, many of these precede manufacturing defect recalls. 

Next generation battery chemistries promise to be less likely to succumb to thermal runaway. Sodium-ion batteries are less reactive because they do away with the need for lithium, and long-awaited solid-state batteries promise further safety improvements. 

 

What are the risk factors for EV battery fires? 

While exceedingly rare, electric vehicle battery fires do pose particular safety risks.  

Electric vehicle fires are very different to internal combustion engine vehicle fires. They often display unique behaviours such as large clouds of dark and light vapour, popping noises, and jet-like directional flames at temperatures up to 1000 degrees Celsius. Recognising these signs can help to establish an early emergency response.   

Additionally, high-voltage (HV) cables connect to the lithium-ion battery and the electric motor (as well as other systems) put EVs at risk of short circuit if cables are damaged or defective. 

This is why there are strict regulations to address the risk factors of EV batteries and the high-voltage cables that connect them to a car's powertrain. The lithium-ion batteries in EVs are designed to provide high amounts of energy and can pose a fire risk if damaged or improperly managed - even if they have been removed from the vehicle.  

For example, a September 2023 incident at Sydney airport saw a MG ZS EV battery catch fire and set light to four other vehicles after being disconnected from the vehicle.  

 

What are the risks for first responders? 

While EV battery fires are rare, first responders are at the forefront of risks when dealing with EV battery fires. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine fires, EV battery fires present unique hazards that require specialised training and equipment. The complex nature of lithium-ion batteries means they can reignite hours or even days after the initial incident, creating prolonged risks for both responders and the public. 

In addition to the immediate dangers posed by the fires themselves, there is also the challenge of safely extricating victims from crashed EVs. Although EV fires in crash incidents are less likely as mentioned above, the high voltage systems within these vehicles can remain live even after a crash, posing electrocution risks to both the occupants and rescuers. Without proper training, first responders might inadvertently worsen the situation. 

Recognising these challenges, the NSW government has launched a free EV crash course aimed at equipping emergency responders with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle EV-related incidents safely.  

The course covers various critical areas, including understanding EV technology, identifying and mitigating risks associated with battery fires, and safe extrication techniques. It also emphasises the importance of coordination between different emergency services to ensure a comprehensive and effective response. 

Despite these efforts, there is still a call for further action. In its position statement regarding the new National Building Standards, NSW Fire + Rescue has recommended implementing restrictions on EV parking and charging in large buildings to mitigate the risks associated with battery fires, grouping EVs under a "special hazards" provision. Such measures could include designated parking areas with enhanced fire suppression systems or stricter building codes to ensure adequate ventilation and fire containment. 

However, Australian Building Codes Board chief executive officer Gary Rake has reportedly said that the "special hazards" provision should not apply to cars to this AAP article, and that charging at home - whether it be a house or an apartment - is safe.

How do you stop an EV battery fire? 

If you suspect your EV battery is damaged or has caught fire, it is crucial to call emergency services immediately and follow their instructions. Stand well away from the vehicle as vapours emitted by the battery can be lethal. 
Water remains the most effective method for suppressing EV fires, requiring large volumes sustained over an extended period. However, emergency responders are also exploring other encapsulating agents. Even after an EV fire has been suppressed, there's a risk of secondary ignition due to stranded energy in unburnt cells.  

Once an EV fire is extinguished, the focus shifts to the safe removal of the vehicle. This involves cleaning up battery cells and debris, and monitoring for signs of thermal runaway. The vehicle is generally considered safe to tow once the traction battery has remained at an ambient temperature for 15-30 minutes.  

 

• For electric vehicle (EV) owners, safety starts with proper identification. A blue triangle "EV" sticker or badge on the number plate alerts emergency responders to the presence of a high-voltage battery. EV triangles are required for all EVs manufactured after 1 January 2019.
  
  
• Installation of charging equipment must adhere to AS/NZS 3000 Electrical Installations "Wiring Rules," ensuring that the charging unit and cable are electrically compliant.
• Fire and Rescue NSW recommends installing a smoke or heat alarm in garages where EVs are regularly parked or charged.
• When charging, use extension leads and power sockets specifically designed for EVs and exercise caution in wet weather or during electrical storms.
• Use only the chargers supplied with the device or certified third-party chargers compatible with the battery specifications. Ensure these chargers bear the Regulatory Compliance Mark.

In the event of an incident, engage the parking brake, switch off the vehicle, evacuate all passengers, and call emergency services, specifying that the involved vehicle is an EV.

This article was updated on May 16, 2024 with new data about the frequency of EV battery fires from EV FireSafe and NSW Fire + Rescue.

This article was updated on May 23, 2024 correcting the number of incidents attended by NSW Fire + Rescue.

This ​article was updated on September 20, 2024 to update EV FireSafe data from April 2024 to June 2024.

Sources:

• EV FireSafe
• Hassan, Md Kamrul, et al. “Fire Incidents, Trends, and Risk Mitigation Framework of Electrical Vehicle Cars in Australia.” Fire, vol. 6, no. 8, Aug. 2023, p. 325. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6080325.
• Electric vehicles - Fire and Rescue NSW